Carl Rogers Essay

Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers Individual Centered Hypothesis Customer Centered versus Individual Centered Customer focused Alluded to Rogers’ way to deal with treatment in which the customer (not the patient) is thought to be answerable for changing their character. Customer Centered versus Individual Centered Individual focused Alluded to the Rogerian Hypothesis of Personality. Two Basic Assumptions Developmental Tendency What's more, Realizing Tendency Developmental Tendency The propensity of all issue to advance from less complex to progressively complex structures. Developmental Tendency The propensity of all issue to develop from less difficult to progressively complex structures. Developmental Tendency The inclination of all issue to advance from easier to progressively complex structures. Realizing Tendency The propensity to advance toward finish or satisfaction of possibilities. Realizing Tendency Every individual works as a total living being. Realization Tendency needs a specific domain. Sympathy (Undivided attention) Acknowledgment (Unqualified positive respect) Validity (compatibility) Compassion (Undivided attention) Compassion (Undivided attention) Acknowledgment (Unequivocal positive respect) Sympathy (Undivided attention) Coinciding A total person with sentiments of euphoria, outrage, dissatisfaction, disarray, and so forth. Coinciding To be genuine or veritable, to be entire or coordinated, to be what one really is. Consistency and Incongruence Consistency Incongruence Unequivocal Positive Regard: Endorsement conceded paying little mind to a person’s conduct. Restrictive Positive Regard: Endorsement, love, or acknowledgment conceded just when an individual communicates alluring practices and mentalities. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept X Y No cover may suggest practically no fulfillment with oneself (no or low self †regard). Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y As the perfect self harmonizes with... Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Y= Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y what an individual sees as their real self,... Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y they are starting to permit what Rogers called self-endorsement, Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept X Y or on the other hand Positive Self-Regard. Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept XY X Complete cover may suggest a significant level of fulfillment with oneself (raised or high confidence). Level of cover speaks to a level of fulfillment with one’s own self. Mindfulness â€Å"The emblematic portrayal of some segment of our existence† Essential for the self idea and perfect self to exist. Mindfulness Three Levels first Level Numerous encounters are overlooked or denied. Habituation, response arrangement. Mindfulness Three Levels second Level Encounters precisely represented. Mindfulness Three Levels third Level Encounters apparent in a mutilated structure. (Subjective discord) Phases of Therapeutic Change Can be set on a continuum from generally protective to generally coordinated. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 1) Rigid and impervious to change. Doesn’t see any issue. Will not claim individual sentiments or feelings. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 2) Slightly less inflexible. Still will not perceive their own sentiments. May talk with respect to sentiments in target way. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 3) Talk minimal all the more unreservedly. In any case, sentiments at separation, not at this very moment. In future or past tense. Phases of Therapeutic Change Stage 4) Begin

5 Key Concepts Underlying Structures of Cultures Free Essays

string(170) equipped workers at all degrees of the association is in excess of a matter of preparing, it originates from changes in enlistment and choice way of thinking (Ashkenas et al. Characterize in any event 5 key ideas hidden structures of societies. Answer: Speed of messages: It is the matter of to what extent a message can be comprehended or to what extent does it take to comprehend an individual. Messages collaborations can be in various velocities relying on culture. We will compose a custom exposition test on 5 Key Concepts Underlying Structures of Cultures or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Setting: The idea is distinctive in various societies, so a parity is essential for cooperating inside each culture. It’s the matter of how much pertinent data is in the message, and as of now comprehended by the two sides. So we have setting circumstances, similar to a message which contain heaps of significance absent a lot of data content in one hand, and low setting like a message which may not contain all pertinent data. Space: The space is diverse in various societies. It’s the matter of what right? For instance, in office, a few people have undetectable limits in a single meter. As a matter of fact individuals have an obvious physical limit and arrangement of undetectable limits Time: What is the assessment of time is socially needy. There are numerous sorts of time frameworks on the planet, however two are generally essential to universal business. What number of things are done without a moment's delay? A certain something: monochromatic; many: polychromatic. To Asian, a few things should be possible on the double, however it is extremely hard to American or European. For instance, American and European will consider the calendar is significant, they care about when, how and where. Be that as it may, Asian will consider objective is the most significant and they will do some alter and increment of effectiveness. Data stream The mean is Path information takes from its unique setting to its end clients. In Low-setting nations, for example, USA, Canada, Israel, German-talking nations and Scandinavia, data spreads gradually and bocused. Be that as it may, the Higher Context Cultures: China, Arab nations, Italy, Greece, Japan, Spain, Korea, India, Brazil and Russia data will spread quickly. So the data stream is diverse in various societies. 2. Characterize the 4 kinds of worldwide associations. Answer: a. Ethnocentric enterprises: the partnerships are home-nation arranged. Ethnocentric supervisors accept that nation of origin nationals are increasingly wise, solid, and dependable than remote nationals. b. Polycentric companies: the polycentric firm builds up global procedure on condition that have nation directors â€Å"do it their way†. Host-nation nationals have high or supreme power over the subsidiary’s tasks. The polycentric firm is an approximately associated bunch with semi autonomous auxiliaries as benefit focuses. c. Regiocentric partnerships: these organizations exploit the synergistic advantages of sharing normal capacities across districts. A regiocentric partnership accepts that lone territorial insiders can successfully co-ordinate works inside the area. d. Geocentric organizations: the geocentric framework is profoundly related. Auxiliaries are does not satellite anymore and free city-states. he whole association is centered around both worldwide and neighborhood targets. 3. Talk about the Yin and Yang of overseeing in Asia †200 words or more. Answer: American administration styles, all around, assume the significance of the person. We esteem strengthening, proactive dynamic, and responsibility for task. This style of the executives mirrors our Western convention of the intensity of discern ing control and the intrinsic balance surprisingly. Asian administration styles commonly subordinate the job of the person to the more noteworthy requests of the gathering. The intensity of commitments and connections and the regard for request are of more noteworthy significance in the East. In the West, proficiency and change frequently equivalent adequacy; in the East, uninvolved acknowledgment of what is, and the capacity to consummate one’s work with others inside the current conditions, may be a more prominent uprightness †and the path to a smooth-running, fruitful association. The Yin and Yang are logical inconsistency and complementation. It is hard to work among Asian and Westerner, however the human asset directors and representatives ought to perceive that profound contrasts of qualities and convictions. At that point workers need to facilitate in managing Asian partners and subordinates. Furthermore, assemble a scaffold among Asian and Westerner. In this way, uniting yin and yang would rustle up business. 4. Characterize the accompanying Boundary less ideas. Paradigm:underlying the ascent of different types of â€Å"new organization† to which have been credited the terms virtual association, enabled association, high-performing work groups, and procedure reengineered associations is â€Å"a single, further change in perspective that we call the development of the boundaryless organization†, (p. 2; Ashkenas st al. 1995). This move perceives the impediments of the accompanying four kinds of authoritative limits: vertical (among levels and positions of individuals), flat (among capacities and orders), outer (between the association and its providers, clients, and controllers), and geographic (between countries, societies, and markets). In the boundaryless association, these limits are not used to isolate individuals, procedures and spots, rather, the center is the means by which to move thoughts, data, ability, and choices where they are generally fundamental (Ashkenas et al. 1995). Business courses of action: an expansion in nontraditional business contracts between the laborer and the association is refered to for instance of obscured hierarchical limits (Miner ;amp; Robinson, 1994), just as proof of a post-work society (Bridges, 1994). The term contract signifies the various structures work is taking during the 1990s: brief, low maintenance, work sharing, counseling, contracting, and renting. Albeit a few representatives have minimal decision however to acknowledge one of these types of business, numerous representatives invite these alternatives for progressively adaptable hours and more command over where they work, how they work, and which ventures they would most like (Belous, 1989). Employment Analysis: is the estimation of undertakings and/or laborer qualities for a given activity, therefore, work examination procedures can be delegated work-situated or specialist arranged (Gatewood ;amp; Field, 1994). Work-situated techniques include explicit depictions of the different errands performed on an occupation, though laborer arranged strategies inspect wide human practices engaged with work exercises. Aptitudes Emphasis and work Analysis: given that practical limits will keep on obscuring (Ashkenas et al. , 1995; Miner ;amp; Robinson, 1994), boundaryless associations may in the long run breakdown â€Å"jobs† into increasingly far reaching undertaking of employment investigation less bulky; it could add to a culture wherein laborers are managed more opportunity and chance to participate in various work exercises. Enlistment: increasing skillful workers at all degrees of the association is in excess of a matter of preparing, it comes from changes in enrollment and choice way of thinking (Ashkenas et al. You read 5 Key Concepts Underlying Structures of Cultures in class Papers 1995). In particular, the boundaryless association underscores the improvement of a common attitude among the entirety of its representatives and the consistent help of this aggregate culture. In spite of the fact that Ashkenas et al. (1995) don’t portray explicit enlisting approaches that guide i n accomplishing this durable culture, they express the significance of completely screening candidates, now and again with the assistance of clients, in view of abilities and character qualities that coordinate the specialized and social needs of the association. 5. What are the quandaries of boundaryless enrollment and choice? A problem with respect to a high level of individual association culture fit surfaces: shouldn't something be said about the conceivably negative outcomes of pulling in and choosing too many similarly invested people? For example, Schneider (1987) has proposed that hierarchical brokenness and possible death can be followed to an excess of homogeneous specialist attributes. As a conclusion, some assorted variety of specialist ascribes might be important to react to natural dangers and openings, eventually guaranteeing the suitability of the association. Another proviso to consider is the chance of antagonistic effect. Any business test which brings about various acknowledgment/pass rates for people having a place with various gatherings must be approved and its proceeded with utilize showed as fundamental. In this way, the very homogeneity of representative qualities proposed as important for the achievement of the boundaryless association may prompt two significant issues: diminished authoritative execution and unfriendly effect. Around what amount and what sorts of social equality among specialist and association are important for a profitable mentality? Roughly what amount and what sorts of social likeness among laborer and association lead to case or potentially poor hierarchical versatility? It might be that similarly as the association needs extraordinary ranges of abilities to achieve a bound together exhibition objective, associations need various qualities and specialist attributes to achieve the more drawn out term objective of endurance (Schneider, 1987). Notwithstanding, laborer heterogeneity doesn't really block the determination of homogeneous attributes that essentially serve to fortify basic beliefs and crucial standards. More research is expected to construct hypothesis and improve professional accomplishment in enrolling and choosing laborers for boundaryless associations. 6. How can one form a worldwide work power with enrollment? Answer: Every year, many organizations grow their activities into the worldwide commercial center. At the sam

An Interview With Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis

An Interview With Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis February 07, 2018 Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis and her husband Dr. Albert Ellis. Image: By permission of Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis, http://www.debbiejoffeellis.com More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Albert Ellis was often described as one of the most important thinkers of the past century. He was one of the founders of cognitive behavioral therapy and he developed a groundbreaking approach to psychotherapy known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, or REBT. His wife, Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis, continues the work that Dr. Ellis left after his passing in 2007. We had the opportunity to ask her some questions about Dr. Ellis, REBT, and her continued work in this area. In part one of our interview, she talks about her husband and paints a vivid portrait of a man who was passionate about helping others and living life to the fullest. How did you and Albert first meet? We first met in person when he visited my home city of Melbourne, Australia. I was studying psychology at Melbourne University at the time  and heard that he would be visiting the University to present lectures and workshops. I attended each one of his presentations. I had heard of him years prior, however. My Aunt was a psychologist. I would frequently visit her home throughout my childhood and teen years, and would greatly enjoy looking at some of her books. I loved reading, and my interest in psychology was strong. She greatly liked the work of Albert Ellis  and had a number of his books. I distinctly remember looking through one of his books in her library, I can visualize the cover clearly now, titled “Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy”. I was only about 12 years of age at the time and did not read the book cover to cover! - but some of the words I did read in that book deeply impressed me. When years later I attended University and studied psychology it was his Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) approach, (called RET at that time â€" the “B” was added in 1993), which most appealed to me. I loved its holistic and humanistic nature, its thoroughness and vigor, the compassion it emphasized through encouraging the practice of unconditional acceptance in our lives, its practicality, methods, and techniques. It was compatible with my values and preferences, and I knew early on that it would be a primary focus in my work. Little did I know at the age of 12, or when I was studying the approach some years later, that I would adore and marry the founder and creator of REBT! Al and I met again about 15 years later at the American Psychological Association’s annual convention which was being held in San Francisco. Our remarkably close friendship began at that time, we would be in regular contact through mail, and phone calls, and I would visit him in New York each year. Our love relationship began a few years after that. What was your first impression of Dr. Ellis? That he was warm, authentic, trustworthy, no-nonsense, brilliant, magnificently witty, kind, and genuinely caring. He had a reputation in the perception of some people for being loud, for using colorful language at times, for appearing abrasive, curmudgeonly, and provocative. I felt that some of those modes of expression were simply chosen by him to help get his points across in a definite and memorable way, and were not representative of his tendencies and character. As I got to know him, my first impression proved to be most accurate, and I increasingly experienced his qualities of gentleness, loving, caring and sensitivity. Dr. Ellis maintained a rigorous and demanding schedule late into his life and in the face of some serious health problems. What do you think gave him such a strong passion and drive to help others? His work was his mission, his passion, and it brought great meaning to his life. He cherished life, and he wanted to live a life of intensity and absorption in activities that would enhance his experience and that of others. He genuinely cared about others, and was more mindful than most about how quickly life passes by, and how important it is to live life to the full with maximum enjoyment and minimal suffering. Through finding ways to successfully cope with his own suffering experienced from childhood onwards, and translating it into a theory and methods for lessening emotional disturbance, his approach literally helped millions of people live better lives. He would remind us that life inevitably contains suffering, but by thinking in healthy ways and by changing adversities which could be changed and accepting those which could not be changed â€" we would not create unnecessary suffering, and could maximize joy throughout our lives. There was an urgency about him at times, to continue to reach as many more people as he could through continuing to present lectures and workshops, and by writing more books which taught the REBT approach. Al immensely disliked any wasting of time. He believed that with increasing numbers of individuals using their time and energy to create enjoyable lives â€" despite and including any challenges - and through their helping others to do so, that over the years societies would become healthier. He wanted REBT principles to be taught in schools so that young people would learn of and apply its principles. He was a visionary and idealist, and a realist. He felt great satisfaction and gladness when he helped others and saw them learning to help themselves. Up till his final weeks of life he continued to help people who would visit him in the hospital, including groups of students who would visit, and Al also showed compassion and gave help to various medical staff in the hospital (where he was a patient fighting hard to recover from his medical conditions) when he heard of any difficult circumstances they were going through. He not only helped people through his words to them, but also by modeling his principles. I often say â€" he practiced what he preached and preached what he practiced. Do you have a favorite memory of your husband that you could share? It is difficult for me to select only one to share with you here! There are many favorite memories. A few of them are: His warmth and affection. Another is of his magnificent smile. The image of Al absorbed in listening to fine classical music. Another is of his gracious surrender to my enthusiasm about good nutrition and my encouragement to him to change his diet and eat healthier food (prior to my doing so - his food at lunchtime was mostly often meat zapped in the microwave along with frozen vegetables!). I loved his willingness to be flexible, to think about my recommendations no matter how different they were from his long-time eating habits, and to try doing what I suggested. Another favorite memory is that of him singing songs to me. Another is of him working on the writing of a book or article, immersed in concentration as he thought â€" his eyes would look upwards, at times dreamily and at other times with a particularly focused expression, and then the speedy vigorous way he would transcribe those thoughts into written words. About Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis was born and raised in Melbourne, Australia. For many years she worked with her husband, the renowned psychologist Dr. Albert Ellis, giving presentations and providing training on Elliss therapeutic approach known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Today, she continues to practice, present, and write about Elliss groundbreaking approach to therapy. In 2010, she helped complete her husbands autobiography entitled All Out: An Autobiography! Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, the book she co-authored with her husband, was published in 2011. She is currently working on completing a book that she had worked on with her husband prior to his death in 2007 focused on REBT and Buddhism. She also continues to work in private practice in New York City as well as give seminars, workshops, and lectures all over the world. You can find more information on her website http://www.debbiejoffeellis.com and at http://www.ellisrebt.co.uk/ For More Information Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: The acclaimed book: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy by Albert Ellis and Debbie Joffe Ellis, Published by APA (American Psychological Association)All Out! - An Autobiography, by Albert Ellis, with final chapter by Debbie Joffe Ellis. Available at bookstores and online at www.prometheusbooks.com and other online retailersDVD: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Release of DVD on March 17th, 2014): Part of the Systems of Psychotherapy Video Series by the American Psychological Association. In this DVD, Debbie Joffe Ellis demonstrates the influential and impactful REBT approach in a session with a client, followed by discussion with professors and students about the REBT therapeutic approach and the session. This video is intended solely for educational purposes for mental health professionals. For information about the DVD and about purchasing go to the APA website: www.apa.org/pubs/videosAlbert Ellis BiographyWhat Is Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ?What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

3 Tips to Improve Writing in English

The most important rule to writing effectively is to not repeat yourself. Each of these three rules focuses on avoiding repetition in English. Rule 1: Dont Repeat the Same Word One of the most important rules in writing English is to avoid repetition. In other words, dont use the same words over and over again. Use synonyms, phrases with a similar meaning, and so on to spice up your writing stile. Sometimes, this is not possible. For example, if you are writing a report about a specific disease or perhaps a chemical compound, you will not be able to vary your vocabulary. However, when using descriptive vocabulary, its important to vary your choice of words.   We went on holiday to a ski resort. The resort was very beautiful with lots of things to do. The mountains were also beautiful, and, to be honest, there were also many beautiful people. In this example, the adjective beautiful is used three times. This is considered poor writing style. Here is the same example using synonyms.   We went on a holiday to a ski resort. The resort was very beautiful with lots of things to do. The mountains were majestic, and, to be honest, there were also many glamourous people.   Rule 2: Dont Repeat the Same Sentence Style In a similar way, using the same sentence structure by repeating the same structure over and over again is also considered bad style. Its important to know a variety of ways to make the same statement. This is often referred to as using equivalencies. Here are some examples  of similar types of sentences using different equivalencies to vary the style. The students studied hard as the test was sure to be difficult.They reviewed the grammar in great detail due to the many exceptions.Sentence structure was reviewed, for it was sure to be on the test.As they had covered all the materials, the students were assured success. In the four sentences above, Ive used four different variations on because. Sentences one and four use subordinating conjunctions. Note that the dependent clause can begin the sentence if followed by a comma. The second sentence uses a preposition (due to) followed by a noun phrase, and the third sentence uses the coordinating conjunction for.   Heres a quick review of these forms: Coordinating Conjunctions - also known as FANBOYS. Combine two simple sentences with a coordinating conjunction preceded by a comma. Coordinating conjunctions can NOT begin a sentence.   Examples The weather was very cold, but we took a walk.She needed some extra money for her vacation, so she found a part-time job.The toy was broken, for the boy had thrown it against the wall. Subordinating Conjunctions - Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses. They can be used to begin a sentence followed by a comma, or they can introduce the dependent clause in the second position without using a comma. Examples Though we need to review the grammar, we decided to take the day off for some fun.Mr. Smith hired a lawyer as he needed to defend himself in court.Well take car of the problem when John returns. Conjunctive Adverbs - Conjunctive adverbs begin a sentence linking it directly to the sentence before. Place a comma directly after the conjunctive adverb. Examples The car was in need of repair. As a result, Peter took the car into the repair shop.Its very important to study grammar. However, knowing grammar doesnt necessarily mean you can speak the language well.Lets hurry up and finish this report. Otherwise, we wont be able to work on the presentation. Prepositions - Prepositions are used with nouns or noun phrases NOT full clauses. However, prepositions such as due to or despite can provide a similar meaning to a dependent clause.   Examples Just like our neighbors, we decided to put a new roof on our home.The school decided to fire the teacher despite the students protest.As a result of poor attendance, well have to repeat chapter seven. Rule 3: Vary Sequencing and Linking Language Finally, when writing longer passages youll be using linking words and sequencing to connect your ideas. As in word choice and sentence style, its important to vary the linking language you use. For example, there are many ways to say next. If you are providing instructions, try to vary the words you use to take someone through each step in the process.   Instead of writing: First, open the box. Next, take out the equipment. Next, insert the batteries. Next, turn the device on and begin work. You could write: First, open the box. Next, take out the equipment. After that, insert the batteries. Finally, turn the device on and begin work. This is a just a short example to give you an idea. Try to vary the sequences, or linking language you use in each paragraph. If you use first, secondly, thirdly, finally in one paragraph, switch it up and use to begin with, next, after that in another paragraph. Follow the links in this article to study each of these variation types in more depth and you will quickly improve your writing style through variety.

Illegal Immigrants Should Not Receive Amnesty - 1899 Words

Amnesty Imagine if someone broke into your house and your parents decided that the criminal would be forgiven and that he/she would be allowed to live with you. How would that make you feel? Now picture the government overlooking the fact that someone illegally entered our country and then giving them legal status in return. This is what happens when one is granted amnesty. In 1986, President Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act giving amnesty to about 3 million immigrants (A Reagan Legacy: Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants). This was only supposed to be a â€Å"one-time† deal, instead it has happened for seven occasions, and there will probably be more. The fact of the matter is that illegal immigrants should not receive†¦show more content†¦Our border system has flaws that need to be fixed, especially in this day and age where our fear lies in terrorism and violence. Threatening the national security is something we cannot afford. For instance, The 1986 Amnesty in which Mahmoud â€Å"The Red† Abouhalima applied for to take part in driving a cab; however, the information he gave was fraudulent and he was discovered to be the ring leader in the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center (Kobach). On a more recent occasion the state was involved in a shooting that took place in San Bernardino, just two hours away. If we can’t keep track of those who come from extremist territory legally on fiancà ©e visas, or are simply born and raised here, how can we keep track of the millions of undocumented immigrants being forgiven for entering our country? With pardon given as opposed to background checks, there would be no way of finding the â€Å"good and bad guys†. Homeland security would be threatened and it would be an overall bad situation that not only puts our lives in danger, but also the children’s. Are the taxes you pay for you or for others? Did you know that the average lifetime cost to the American taxpayer is $1.1 million, and that money helps support unskilled workers that come from other countries? This is based on, â€Å"the average low-skilled household that received $22,449 more in benefits than they paid in taxes† (York). We are held

Households and domesticity in ancient world Free Essays

string(135) " consisting of the one affinity group the ideal topographic point to idolize a divinity or ascendant would hold been within his place\." How Valid is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s Hypothesis that Rulers ‘ Dwellings in the Early Iron Age were the Forerunner of the Urban Temples of Later Periods? In this paper I am traveling to review Mazarakis Ainian ‘s averment that there is a strong nexus between swayers ‘ homes and early temples in both map and architecture. I shall get down by placing what it is that separates a swayer ‘s home from the remainder of a community and shall so seek to place why a house would be used as a temple and the grounds for why there would hold been the passage to a dedicated spiritual edifice. House types of the Early Iron Age The period of the Early Iron Age ( EIA ) covers about 1100-700 BC and encompasses the so called ‘Dark Ages ‘ which followed the Mycenaean prostration and which ends in the passage to the Early Archaic period of the seventh century. We will write a custom essay sample on Households and domesticity in ancient world or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be divided into the Protogeometric and Geometric periods of 1100-900 and 900-700BC severally. It is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s chief statement that due to the evident absence of temples of any sort within colonies prior to the mid eighth century BC, swayers ‘ homes alternatively served as Centres of communal cult ( 1988: 106 ) . It would hence be utile to look at the scope of house signifiers known from this early period, to place what separates elect lodging from other constructing types and besides the grounds they contain to propose ritual or spiritual activity. Although there are comparatively few colony sites staying, peculiarly 1s incorporating identifiable house remains or foundations, in comparing to subsequently periods in the Grecian World, Lang recognizes two chief types of house agreement ; detached and agglomerated. Both types of colony normally show that they were unplanned, having irregular street layouts which most frequently follow the local topography ( Lang 2007: 183 ) . The colony of Zagora on the island of Andros is demonstrative of the agglomerative house type while Emporio on Chios shows detached. This may nevertheless be brooding of colony size ; Zagora may good hold begun with a degage house agreement but its location on a drop top tableland and ensuing bounds on infinite, any addition in population may hold required new houses to be built in close propinquity to bing 1s. The alteration from little to big bunchs of houses can be seen in the programs drawn of the EIA and Archaic remains at the site ( fig. 1 ) . This has nevertheless led to several bookmans proposing that the house layout of Zagora reflects an early illustration of the courtyard house prevalent in the Classical Period ( Coucouzeli 2007: 169-181, Morris 1998 ) . The statement for this does non look wholly convincing, but I shall non turn to it farther in this paper. House types within these agreements besides varied. They were most normally composed of one or two little suites with rectangular, egg-shaped, apsidal or the somewhat less common round land programs ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: Ch. 1 ) . The agglomerative colony lent itself best to rectangular land programs as seen with Zagora ( figure 1 ) . Geographic location appears to hold played a portion in the distribution of the different house types with, for illustration, egg-shaped edifices of the Geometric Period being chiefly found in Attica and Euboea, the East Greek islands and West seashore Asia Minor but seldom identified elsewhere ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 86 ) . It is the edifices of apsidal and rectangular programs that Mazarakis Ainian suggests were the ancestors of the Archaic temple and the most preferable designs for swayer ‘s homes. They can be divided into two groups ; those with a closed frontage are classified as ‘oikoi ‘ and those with an unfastened frontage are known as anta edifices ( 1997: 259 ) . At many of the colonies there is normally a home that stands out in footings of size, program and location from all others in the locality and it is these that are assumed swayers ‘ homes. Figure 2 high spots this in a comparing of elect homes of certain type, dwelling of a chief room with smaller rear chamber, and other domestic edifices of similar form. The House as Temple The extent to which these likely elite houses show similarity in signifier and map to the first urban temples will now hold to be considered. To get down to reply this, the grounds for why these houses would be used as focal point of ritual activity in the first topographic point demand to be looked into. M. Ainian calls these edifices swayers ‘ homes, but who were these powerful work forces and how far would their power have extended within their community? Mazarakis Ainian suggests that the swayers who inhabited these homes would hold been work forces who came to power on either a familial footing or through possessing desirable personal virtuousnesss ( 1997: 270 ) . In anthropological footings this would do them either heads or large work forces. He proposes that in some countries these powerful work forces may hold had their beginnings as local governors in the Late Helladic IIIB Period, and so would hold maintained control of little colonies after the Mycenaean prostration. In most countries colonies would hold been little made up of one or two drawn-out households, with the caput of the dominant or possibly oldest family going responsible for the direction of communal personal businesss ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 375, 393 ) . Thomas and Conant express it good: The community is virtually an drawn-out household, and the small town leader, the caput of the most of import household. ( Thomas and Conant 1999: 52 ) This reflects what is thought from Homer ; that the Oikos consisting of drawn-out household of possibly three coevalss was the basic ‘kinship, residential and economic unit ‘ with any figure of oikoi doing up a community ( Donlan 1985: 299 ) . It would merely look logical that as portion of his control of communal responsibilities the ‘chief ‘ would besides be in charge of spiritual cult pattern. When the colony was little and lone consisting of the one affinity group the ideal topographic point to idolize a divinity or ascendant would hold been within his place. You read "Households and domesticity in ancient world" in category "Essay examples" As the colony grew possibly this pattern continued as tradition. It is M. Ainian ‘s position that by literally lodging spiritual pattern the swayer was keeping his prestigiousness and control within the community ( 1997: 393 ) . The control of faith by a individual swayer, or double swayers in this peculiar insta nce, was continued into subsequently periods by the male monarchs of Sparta who continued to move as main priests, retaining their spiritual function ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 118 ) . This would look to propose that spiritual responsibilities would and could hold been controlled by the colony leader. There would therefore look to be several strong accounts as to why a swayer ‘s house would hold come to be used as a precursor to the temple. The archeological grounds is largely in support of this position, with domestic and ritual artifacts frequently found in association. Nichoria, a site in Messenia is a good illustration of this. At this site two peculiar house remains, known as unit IV-1 and unit IV-5, stand out from the remainder of the homes in the locality. As a consequence it could be said with comparative certainty that they held some particular importance within the community. Both were rather big apsidal edifices surrounded by little seemingly low position apsidal huts. The first, IV-1, has been dated to the tenth century BC while IV-5 most probably replaced it in the 9th. IV-1 is the most complete of the constructions and digging found that it contained a paved circle raised on a dais and covered with a bed of burned stuff ; nearby an sum of animate being bone was besides recovered. This suggested to the excavators that it may hold been a temple, with the paved circle operation as an communion table. Other di scoveries of a domestic nature were besides found nevertheless, proposing that it was possibly of importance both as a home and for its ritual significance ( Lukermann and Moody 1978: 94 ) . Ritual banqueting was another facet of ancient Greek spiritual pattern that M. Ainian identifies as perchance holding a case in point within the swayers ‘ home. Whitley though argues that the big sums of animate being castanetss and imbibing vass in association with fireplaces and benches in some homes does propose banqueting, but for the intent of doing bonds of commitment and beef uping authorization within the community ( Whitley 1991: 185 ) . Mazarakis Ainian does non deny that banquets were most likely taking topographic point for these grounds, but besides tenuously suggests that they would hold been held for ritual intents ( 1997: 379-80 ) . The grounds he cites for this nevertheless is limited at best, and he does rely somewhat on justification from the Homeric heroic poems in this peculiar country, despite his unfavorable judgment for other bookmans on this point. I am nevertheless inclined to take up his point of position in this affair. Although it is certain that fe asts did happen in swayers ‘ homes, the grounds available makes their purpose hard to find, but as antecedently argued, the swayer took on the function of ‘priest ‘ which makes it likely that some signifier of ritual dining must hold taken topographic point within his house alongside the other signifiers mentioned. The architectural similarities between swayers ‘ homes and early temples besides give acceptance to M. Ainian ‘s hypothesis. They portion similar land programs, being largely rectangular or apsidal and holding the entryway in the short side, significance that every cult edifice of the Late Geometric Period had an architectural opposite number in a domestic edifice of the same or earlier day of the month ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 388 ) . Apparently so this demonstrates really close ties between the edifice types that must certainly stand for a continuance of tradition. Snodgrass nevertheless does foreground that shrines may hold existed as separate entities in earlier periods as direct ancestors of the classical temple, but because architectural criterions were lower they can non be differentiated from domestic constructions ( Snodgrass 1980: 58 ) . Some edifices, such as edifice C at Koukounaries, appear to portion greater similarity with banqueting halls than with abodes as they consist of merely the one big room without any noticeable divisions ( figure 3 ) . A individual unfastened infinite like this would look more ideal as a topographic point for banqueting than as a life infinite for the elite. This would propose a remarkable function and specific intent for these peculiar edifices instead than holding the double intent of brooding and Centre of cult that is cardinal to M. Ainian ‘s statement. If this was the instance so the temple, which fulfilled the function of communal banqueting hall and garnering topographic point in the Archaic Period, could be seen as holding its beginnings as a typical, separate construction in an urban scene at a much earlier day of the month. Lang though believes that EIA society would non hold been developed plenty socially or economically to let for the building of public edifices of remarkable map ( Lang 2007: 186 ) . Ideas of public and private infinite had non been developed and so the separation of domestic and sacred would non hold been necessary ; the demand for a typical temple edifice within the confines of the colony would non hold existed. Small discoveries from within many of the big constructions suggest a scope of domestic maps took topographic point within, instead than the remarkable grounds of dining that would be expected from a banqueting hall. The bulk of edifices believed to be swayers ‘ homes are divided into compartments or suites with edifice C at Koukounaries being one of merely several exclusions to this ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 271 ) . His most convincing statement is that without these being classed as places of governing households, there would be small archeological grounds to propose Grecian society was stratified as opposed to classless during the EIA ( 1997: 271 ) . It would therefore look improbable in visible radiation of the grounds that temples would hold existed in their ain right during in urban contexts during this period. Rulers ‘ homes apparently would hold filled the function finally played by the temple, with the leader, the head or large adult male, executing the responsibilities of priest. Passage to Temple It does look that swayers ‘ homes would hold been the Centre of at least some sort of ritual spiritual activity within EIA communities. So why was there the passage to the separate urban temple at the terminal of the 8th and beginning of the seventh century? These new temples, in the beginning at least, would hold carried out the same spiritual map as the houses of the elite had done, but were merely designed for this remarkable intent. This alteration must certainly hold represented new thoughts emerging of dividing public and private infinite and in bend reflect societal, political and even economic alteration. Prior to the mid eighth century, temples as edifices in their ain right merely appear to hold existed at extra-urban sanctuaries ; that is those which are outside any peculiar colony. One illustration of such a edifice is the rural shrine at Pachlitsani Agriada near Kavousi on Crete ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 116 ) . The edifice contained a bench on which idols stood and besides the remains of several graven images, perchance dedications to the goddess Eileithyia ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 212 ) . It is dated tenuously from the manner of the graven images to the Protogeometric at the earliest and the bend of the 8th/7th century at the latest, with M. Ainian preferring the earlier day of the month. There was hence a case in point for edifices that were built for the exclusive intent of worship, either to a God, an ascendant or hero, but non within a colony. As has been mentioned the map of a temple was carried out by the swayers ‘ home and so there was no demand for such a edifice u ntil about 750BC.From so onwards this position changed and temples began to look in a figure of urban colonies across Greece. Of class the alterations taking topographic point did non make so at the same time across the full Grecian Universe, but 750BC appears to hold been the turning point from which the temple finally dominated as the primary focal point of spiritual cult. Mazarakis Ainian suggests that the passage to temples occurred as a consequence of political and societal alteration ; specifically the diminution of the monarchal system. He proposes that when the so called ‘basileus ‘ , the leader of the community, had control over the direction of communal personal businesss including spiritual facets, the sacred and non sacred were non separated. It is his sentiment therefore that the rise of temples from the mid eighth century was a direct consequence of the abolishment of monarchy in favor of an blue system. The former leader would hold lost many of his powers and in peculiar the control of cult activity ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 118 ) . This implies that control would hold passed to the ‘state ‘ as it existed at the clip, followed by the separation of the every-day into public and private, sacred and non sacred. This is one possible account as to the passage of cult from swayers ‘ brooding to temple and it is closely linked with the other chief account ; the rise of the polis, which shall be discussed shortly. Harmonizing to M. Ainian, the building of temples meant the remotion of cult from private to public control and so besides implied the remotion of power from the single i.e. the colony leader. Although it is widely held that power did bit by bit go more widely distributed between a figure of elect as opposed to being held by one adult male, and is seen in the archeological record by the progressively hard undertaking of placing swayers ‘ homes from the architectural remains of this period, it could non hold been the instance everyplace as evidenced by the continued presence of sovereign into the Archaic Period and beyond ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 382 ) . His logical thinking does non take into history that temples themselves, as monumental constructions, could besides be interpreted as shows of authorization and wealth of a high position person in the same manner swayers ‘ homes had done, while possibly at the same time in other countries stand foring competition between c ommunities and a show of the corporate power of the ‘state ‘ . The best counter-argument to his position must certainly be the instance of Sparta, as a good documented metropolis where the establishment of kingship was maintained, yet besides featured temples. He argues that for monumental temples to be constructed it required communal consensus, attempt and resources that would non hold been possible under a individual swayer ( 1997: 384 ) . Yet, by his ain statement, the earliest temples frequently resembled swayers ‘ homes in form every bit good as map, and so the really first temples at least could hold been constructed utilizing bing resources and work force ( 1988: 116 ) . He is nevertheless right in proposing that a swayer at the degree of ‘chief ‘ would be improbable to command adequate power in order to build a truly monumental edifice of any sort. The ‘Heroon ‘ at Lefkandi may be the exclusion to this ; at 47 meters long, 10 meters broad and dating to c.950BC it was bigger than anything else built in Greec e for more than the following 200 old ages. It has been suggested that this excessively may hold served as a home before being converted into a funerary construction ( De Waele 1998: 384 ) . It would once more confute M. Ainian ‘s theory as it was most probably constructed to house the people finally buried within it instead than for the broader community, but within the range of this paper shall be treated as an anomalousness. This aside so, it would look to come down to a inquiry non of who was in charge, the person or the many, but the phase of development as a society that they were at. Sparta was able to hold temples even under a dyarchy because it had developed into a polis and accordingly was at a phase of political development that allowed for the separation of the sacred and the non sacred, the populace from the private. It has even been argued that it was a necessary demand for the development of the metropolis province. Starr asserts that the outgrowth of purpose built temples indicates civic integrity merely possible through the societal construction and centralized authorities of the polis ( Starr 1986: 39 ) . Thomas and Conant agree to an extent with this position, proposing that spiritual commonalty would hold contributed towards the turning coherence of colonies and added to the sense of community beyond affinity groups. But they go farther in suggesting that this manifested itself in the bu ilding of grander constructions to honor the Gods and hence played a important portion in the development of the community and individuality of the polis ( Thomas and Conant 1999: 138-9 ) . From these two statements the inquiry is formed as to whether the temple was a consequence of the rise of the polis, or if the polis was merely possible through the creative activity of, or at least the societal, political and economic conditions necessary for the building of, the urban temple. To decently reply this would necessitate an in deepness expression into the rise of the polis which is beyond the bounds of this paper, but no affair what the reply it is clear that the outgrowth of both were inexorably linked. If, as harmonizing to Mazarakis Ainian, it was the displacement from monarchy to shared regulation that led to the demand for temples so it would go forth those metropoliss that did non travel through this political alteration as exclusions to the regulation. To give him the benefit of the uncertainty, what he is most likely seeking to state is that urban temples were a phenomenon of ‘state ‘ regardless of its signifier of authorities every bit long as the power was shared in some manner. I would therefore suggest that his usage of the term ‘monarchy ‘ is misdirecting in this context as he alternatively seems to be mentioning to the alteration from chiefdom degree regulation to that of province degree ; therefore indirectly besides back uping the thought that the beginnings of the polis was the ground for alteration. Decisions So is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s hypothesis valid? The grounds for the period he is analyzing is comparatively limited, embracing as it does the so called Dark Age of Greece, but what is known from the archeological record does non look to confute his decisions. That is non to state nevertheless that it to the full endorses him either. In several illustrations presented the archeology could be interpreted in a figure of ways but would look to back up his statement through other indirect associations. This can peculiarly be seen in the grounds for banqueting within swayers ‘ homes which does be, but its ritual nature is difficult to find. Its reading as such is largely dependent on whether the colony swayer genuinely took on the mantle of priest as argued. Although there are several separate and valid statements in support of his point of view, in my sentiment if merely one facet such as the degree of authorization of a colony leader was thrown into uncertainty, the other stateme nts would go well weaker. Despite this, holding considered the chief points of Mazarakis Ainian ‘s statement and the available grounds I have drawn similar decisions, and would therefore back up his hypothesis that swayers ‘ homes were so a precursor in both signifier and map of the early temple. Bibliography Coucouzeli, A. 2007. From Megaron to Oikos at Zagora. In R. Westgate, N. Fisher and J. Whitley ( explosive detection systems ) , Constructing Communities: House, Settlement and society in the Aegean and Beyond, 169-181.British School at Athens. Lang, F. 2007. House-Community-Settlement: The New Concept of Living in Archaic Greece. In R.Westgate, N. Fisher and J. Whitley ( explosive detection systems ) , Constructing Communities: House, Settlement and society in the Aegean and Beyond, 183-193. British School at Athens. Lukermann, F. and Moody, J. 1978. Nichoria and Vicinity: Colonies and Circulation. In G. Rapp andS. Aschenbrenner ( explosive detection systems ) , Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece: Volume I. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1997. From Rulers Dwellings to Temples: Architecture, Religion and Society in Early Iron Age Greece 1100-700BC. Jonsered: Paul Astroms Forlag. Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1988. Early Grecian Temples: Their Beginning and Function. In R. Hagg, N. Marinatos and G. Nordquist ( explosive detection systems ) , Early Grecian Cult Practice, 105-119. Capital of sweden: Paul Astroms Forlag. Morris, I. 1998. Archaeology and Archaic Greek History. In N. Fisher and H. new wave Wees ( explosive detection systems ) , Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, 1-91. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales. Snodgrass, A. 1980. Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. London and Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd. Starr, C. G. 1986. Individual and Community: the Rise of the Polis 800-500BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, C. G. and Conant, C. 1999. Citadel to City State. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Whitley, J. 1991. Style and Society in Dark Age Greece: The Changing Face of a Pre-Literate Society 1100-700BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. How to cite Households and domesticity in ancient world, Essay examples

The Characters Goals and Dreams Circle Scientific Discovery and Innova

Question: You have the choice on which assignment/question/topic you choose but i wouldn't recommend doing number three. The book is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley by the way. I would prefer someone to write who already read the book. In addition there should be a thesis or a main controlling idea, controlling sentence/topic sentence and two quotes on each body paragraph in order to back up the "ideas". Answer: In the first chapters of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Mary enlightens the reader as to why and how individuals become entirely consumed by a particular goal. The characters goals and dreams circle scientific discovery and innovation. The reader is also made aware how slight variations in the drives behind the goals and dreams can convert an ambitious individual into a precarious scientist. Shelley uses Walton as a catalyst, making the readers more frightened of Victor, who is introduced later. When comparing Victor and Walton, the reader sees Victor Frankensteins character to be more frightening. Below we see the various similarities between Walton and Victor and also their differences. We also get to see where Robert Walton learns from Victors mistakes. Both men are drawn to science being exceptionally ambitious and highly knowledgeable. In the first letter To Mrs. Saville, dated Dec. 11th, 17 Walton states that [he will quench his passionate inquisitiveness by getting to see a portion of the world that has not been visited before], and [that he might walk on] a land [that has not been stepped on by mans foot] (Shelly 3). His ambition is seen where he wants to visit a land that has not been stepped on by others. Walton knowledge is evident where he takes six years preparing for a voyage to the North Pole. He also frequently toiled harder compared to the regular sailors in the daytime and dedicated his nights learn about medicine, mathematics, and other divisions of physical science, which a marine explorer may attain the utmost practical advantage. In Chapter 9, Victor states that [he was strong-minded to go without the assistance of a guide, as he was well conversant with the pathway. The company of another individual would end up destroying the independent opulence of the sight] (Shelly 110). His ambition is clear where he insists on going without a guide as he knew the path. Victors knowledge is evident where he takes two years learning at Ingolstadt. In Chapter 4, he stated that natural philosophy, and to be specific, chemistry, in the uttermost complexity sense of the word, became closely his only livelihood. Their drives for work are also similar where they yearn the credit and fame that comes with scientific discoveries. In the first letter To Mrs. Saville, dated Dec. 11th, 17Walton asks Margaret [whether he does not warrant to achieve a grand purpose. His life may have passed in comfort and simplicity, but he desired glory to all the temptation that wealth laid in his path] (Shelley 5). He is seen to want all the glory and credit of the wealth that is laid in his path. His travel could end up revealing a new path that other shippers and travellers would use. He simply seeks historical and personal renown. To be known for finding out things that nobody else has found. In Chapter 4, Victor expressing the same feeling states that [the lessons and aspirations of the most knowledgeable men from the day the world was created was now within his reach] (Shelly 52). Victor here realized that he was close to achieving his desires to reanimate dead matter and cheat death. Both men are seen to set themselves apart from the world and achieve something exceptional. Victor and Walton are also similar in the fact that when they succeeded in their goals, they would bring about benefits to the world. In the first letter To Mrs. Saville, dated Dec. 11th, 17Walton claims that [what if all the speculations were not true, you cannot dispute the immeasurable benefit that I shall bestow on everyone . . . through the discovery of a path close to the pole . . . to get there at present a couple of months will be required] (Shelly 3). The benefits spoken about include revealing a new path that other shippers and travellers would use. Victor, on the other hand, in Chapter 4, states that [In the pursuit of these contemplations, he figured that if he could confer liveliness upon lifeless matter, he may in time . . . renew life where death had occurred] (Shelly 54). The benefit Victor was talking about was that he would reanimate a dead body. He wanted to identify a way to avoid suffering of individuals brought about by death of their loved ones. The suffering h e felt from losing his mother to a fever and almost felt it again with Elizabeth. The greatest difference between Walton and Victor, and also where Robert Walton is viewed to have learned from the story lies in the two mens motives. The reader views Walton motives as wanting to enrich existing life while attaining fame. He wants to discern the seat of magnetism. He also wants to see that place where nobody else has seen and to be the first to step on it. Victor, on the other hand, allows his inventiveness to take him past the realm of rational thought. In Chapter 4, Victor proclaims that [after many days and nights of extraordinary work and exhaustion, he flourished in the discovery of what leads to life and generation; . . . he became himself able to bestow liveliness upon lifeless matter (Shelly 52). In Chapter 4, the reader views Victors over excitement and extremely persuaded when he states that a new species [created] would bless [him] as its [maker and foundation]; [and that a lot of joyful and outstanding natures would him for their being] (Shelly 54). Vict or's wants to discover how to cheat death. He was overcome by ego. If he became successful, Victor would be valued by his creation becoming a human god. However, he is repulsed by his creations ugliness and shuns it. An adventurer is characterized as one who is ready to take risks in his quest. Walton states that a person is worth sacrificing to attain that. Frankenstein warns Walton not to share his madness before his obsession with knowledge leads to destruction. Walton is seen to have learned from the story and differs from Victor when the crew demanded to go back to England. Walton was their leader and had to have a direct accountability and responsibility to the rest. Victor is no leader nor is he responsible for anyone. Victor is left free, being the voice of theory while Walton deals with facts. Perhaps this is why Waltons acts are viewed to be more agreeable and conservative to human nature. It is identified when he decided to head home rather than staying. Victors liberal acts and thinking are what brought about the destruction. In Chapter 24, September 7th, Walton states that the die [has been] cast; [and that he has agreed to go back if they are not wrecked. His hopes are criticized by uncertainty and fear] (Shelly 267). His actions guaranteed his survival and he learnt from Frankensteins story turned the ship back and went back home in agreement with the crews desires.